Host Julia Longoria explores the 1905 Supreme Court case Jacobson v. Massachusetts, where Pastor Henning Jacobson challenged a smallpox vaccine mandate, establishing the legal balance between individual liberty and public health. The episode details Jacobson’s refusal, the Court’s ruling upholding state power, and the decision’s dark legacy in the eugenics case Buck v. Bell. It examines how this century-old precedent continues to inform modern debates on bodily autonomy and government authority during health crises.