This episode continues the saga of Thomas Jefferson’s feud with Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, detailing Jefferson’s attempt to prove American wildlife’s grandeur by sending a decaying moose corpse to Paris. The discussion shifts to Charles Willson Peale’s mastodon excavation and Georges Cuvier’s groundbreaking work establishing the reality of extinction. Finally, the hosts explore Cotton Mather’s adoption of smallpox inoculation from an enslaved man named Onesimus, highlighting overlooked contributions to early American science.